Brutalism is one of the most divisive architectural styles in history. Characterized by raw concrete, geometric shapes, and an almost dystopian aesthetic, it was once seen as the future of modern architecture. Then, almost as quickly as it rose to prominence, it was rejected.
Now, decades later, Brutalism is making a comeback. But why?
What is Brutalism?
Brutalism emerged in the 1950s, following World War II. It was an architectural response to the need for quick, affordable, and functional buildings. The name comes from the French term béton brut, meaning “raw concrete,” which was the material of choice for many Brutalist structures.
The style was heavily influenced by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, who believed in functional, machine-like buildings that served the people. His ideas inspired an entire generation of architects, leading to the rise of Brutalism in cities worldwide.
Why Brutalism Became Popular
In post-war Europe, there was an urgent need for new housing, government buildings, and infrastructure. Brutalism offered a practical solution. Concrete was cheap, durable, and could be shaped into striking, monumental forms.
Governments and institutions embraced the style, especially for public housing, universities, and city halls. Buildings like London’s Barbican Estate, Boston City Hall, and the National Theatre became icons of the movement.
Brutalism was also seen as honest architecture. Unlike other styles that concealed materials behind decorative facades, Brutalist buildings revealed their raw materials, celebrating their construction.
Why People Turned Against It
By the 1970s and 80s, Brutalism fell out of favor. Many saw the buildings as cold, oppressive, and uninviting.
As cities grew and urban planning shifted, Brutalist structures—often associated with government buildings and public housing—became linked to social issues like poverty and neglect. The once-modern aesthetic started looking outdated, and cities opted for glass-and-steel skyscrapers instead.
Maintenance was also a major issue. Concrete stains and weathers poorly, making buildings look run-down if not properly maintained. Many Brutalist structures were demolished to make way for newer, more commercial-friendly designs.
The Brutalist Revival
Despite its decline, Brutalism is experiencing a revival today. Architects, designers, and even social media influencers are rediscovering its bold aesthetics.
There are a few reasons for this resurgence:
- Nostalgia & Aesthetic Appreciation – Brutalism’s geometric shapes, shadows, and textures create striking visuals. Photographers and designers appreciate its raw beauty, and platforms like Instagram have popularized it.
- Sustainability – Many Brutalist buildings were designed with efficiency in mind. Their thick concrete walls provide natural insulation, making them energy-efficient.
- Cultural Influence – Brutalism is featured in films, video games, and fashion. The dystopian look is used in sci-fi movies like Blade Runner and A Clockwork Orange, contributing to its cool, futuristic appeal.
- Renovation & Adaptive Reuse – Instead of demolishing old Brutalist buildings, many are being renovated into modern apartments, museums, and creative spaces. This breathes new life into them while preserving their history.
Famous Brutalist Architects
Several architects played a crucial role in shaping the Brutalist movement:
- Le Corbusier – A pioneer of modern architecture, he designed Unite d’Habitation, a massive housing complex in France that set the stage for future Brutalist designs.
- Marcel Breuer – Designed the Whitney Museum of American Art (now the Met Breuer) in New York, showcasing his signature heavy concrete forms.
- Paul Rudolph – Known for bold, sculptural Brutalist buildings like the Yale Art and Architecture Building in the US.
- Kenzo Tange – A leading figure in Japanese Brutalism, designing Tokyo’s Metropolitan Government Building.
- Alison and Peter Smithson – British architects who championed Brutalism with projects like Robin Hood Gardens, a social housing complex in London.
Unite D`Habitation
Whitney Museum of American Art
Photo by Jerry Zheng on Unsplash
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office in Ukrainian Color.
Photo by S. Tsuchiya on Unsplash
Famous Brutalist Buildings Making a Comeback
Several Brutalist buildings that once faced demolition have been preserved and restored:
Trellick Tower (London, UK) – Once dismissed as an eyesore, this high-rise is now a sought-after apartment complex.
The Barbican Centre (London, UK) – A cultural landmark, attracting visitors for its theaters, galleries, and gardens.
Habitat 67 (Montreal, Canada) – An architectural experiment turned into a design icon.
Geisel Library (San Diego, USA) – A futuristic concrete structure that has become a beloved university symbol.
Is Brutalism the Future Again?
While Brutalism may never dominate architecture as it once did, its influence is growing. Modern architects are incorporating Brutalist elements—such as exposed concrete, geometric forms, and minimalism—into new designs.
There’s also a renewed interest in preserving Brutalist buildings rather than tearing them down. With better maintenance techniques and creative refurbishments, many of these structures are being repurposed instead of being lost forever.
Brutalism is no longer just a relic of the past—it’s a statement. Whether you love it or hate it, this bold architectural style is here to stay.
